-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      name:  <unnamed>
       log:  C:\Users\wisemaae\Dropbox\desktop_backup\research\education\POP_fi
> nal_published\voldenwaiwiseman_senate_perspectives_results.smcl
  log type:  smcl
 opened on:  14 Jun 2025, 15:04:15

. do "C:\Users\wisemaae\Dropbox\desktop_backup\research\education\POP_final_pub
> lished\voldenwaiwiseman_senate_perspectives_replication_2025.do"

. *Do file for Senate analysis and results in "On the Decline of Elite-Educated
>  Republicans In Congress," Volden, Craig, Jonathan Wai, and Alan E. Wiseman. 
> Published in Perspectives on Politics
. 
. *Use stata dataset: voldenwaiwiseman_senate_perspectives_replication_final.dt
> a
. 
. *In the analysis that follows, we have coded elite education as "1" if attend
> ed elite undergraduate, graduate, law school and/or business school
. 
. * Combining all here
. 
. gen elite_education=0

. replace elite_education=1 if elite_undergrad_75==1
(719 real changes made)

. replace elite_education=1 if elite_grad_75==1
(56 real changes made)

. replace elite_education=1 if elite_law==1
(282 real changes made)

. replace elite_education=1 if elite_mba==1
(26 real changes made)

. label var elite_education "1 = graduated from elite institution"

. 
. * Likewise for ivy:
. 
. gen ivyany=0

. replace ivyany=1 if ivy_undergrad==1
(431 real changes made)

. replace ivyany=1 if ivy_grad==1
(53 real changes made)

. replace ivyany=1 if ivy_law==1
(160 real changes made)

. replace ivyany=1 if ivy_mba==1
(15 real changes made)

. label var ivyany "1 = graduated from Ivy League"

. 
. * Excluding independents
. replace dem = 0.5 if party_code==112
(0 real changes made)

. replace dem = 0.5 if party_code==328
(0 real changes made)

. 
. * For exploring regional codings
. drop south

. gen south=0

. replace south=1 if state=="OK" | state=="TX" | state=="AR" | state=="LA" | st
> ate=="MS" | state=="AL" | state=="TN" | state=="KY" | state=="FL" | state=="G
> A" | state=="SC" | state=="NC" | state=="VA" | state=="WV" 
(709 real changes made)

. gen northeast=0

. replace northeast=1 if state=="MD" | state=="DE" | state=="PA" | state=="NJ" 
> | state=="NY" | state=="CT" | state=="RI" | state=="MA" | state=="NH" | state
> =="VT" | state=="ME" 
(559 real changes made)

. gen midwest=0

. replace midwest=1 if state=="ND" | state=="SD" | state=="NE" | state=="KS" | 
> state=="MN" | state=="IA" | state=="MO" | state=="WI" | state=="IL" | state==
> "IN" | state=="MI" | state=="OH" 
(606 real changes made)

. gen west=0

. replace west=1 if state=="AK" | state=="HI" | state=="WA" | state=="OR" | sta
> te=="CA" | state=="MT" | state=="ID" | state=="WY" | state=="NV" | state=="UT
> " | state=="CO" | state=="AZ" | state=="NM" 
(659 real changes made)

. 
. 
. *****************************************
. **** MODELS FOR FIGURES PRESENTED IN BODY OF PERSPECTIVES MANUSCRIPT ****
. *****************************************
. * FIGURE 1: DECLINE OF ELITE-EDUCATED REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS (FOR SENATE)
. sort congress

. tab congress elite_education if dem==0, r

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

           |  1 = graduated from
           |   elite institution
  congress |         0          1 |     Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
        93 |        19         23 |        42 
           |     45.24      54.76 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        94 |        17         20 |        37 
           |     45.95      54.05 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        95 |        20         18 |        38 
           |     52.63      47.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        96 |        23         18 |        41 
           |     56.10      43.90 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        97 |        33         20 |        53 
           |     62.26      37.74 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        98 |        34         21 |        55 
           |     61.82      38.18 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        99 |        34         20 |        54 
           |     62.96      37.04 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       100 |        27         19 |        46 
           |     58.70      41.30 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       101 |        27         18 |        45 
           |     60.00      40.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       102 |        28         16 |        44 
           |     63.64      36.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       103 |        28         16 |        44 
           |     63.64      36.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       104 |        36         18 |        54 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       105 |        41         14 |        55 
           |     74.55      25.45 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       106 |        39         17 |        56 
           |     69.64      30.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       107 |        37         12 |        49 
           |     75.51      24.49 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       108 |        35         16 |        51 
           |     68.63      31.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       109 |        39         16 |        55 
           |     70.91      29.09 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       110 |        39         12 |        51 
           |     76.47      23.53 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       111 |        34          9 |        43 
           |     79.07      20.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       112 |        38         10 |        48 
           |     79.17      20.83 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       113 |        35         10 |        45 
           |     77.78      22.22 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       114 |        40         14 |        54 
           |     74.07      25.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       115 |        40         14 |        54 
           |     74.07      25.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       116 |        36         18 |        54 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       117 |        33         17 |        50 
           |     66.00      34.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
     Total |       812        406 |     1,218 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 

. tab congress elite_education if dem==1, r

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

           |  1 = graduated from
           |   elite institution
  congress |         0          1 |     Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
        93 |        31         26 |        57 
           |     54.39      45.61 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        94 |        31         30 |        61 
           |     50.82      49.18 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        95 |        33         30 |        63 
           |     52.38      47.62 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        96 |        26         33 |        59 
           |     44.07      55.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        97 |        23         23 |        46 
           |     50.00      50.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        98 |        21         25 |        46 
           |     45.65      54.35 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        99 |        21         26 |        47 
           |     44.68      55.32 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       100 |        27         28 |        55 
           |     49.09      50.91 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       101 |        27         29 |        56 
           |     48.21      51.79 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       102 |        28         29 |        57 
           |     49.12      50.88 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       103 |        30         27 |        57 
           |     52.63      47.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       104 |        25         22 |        47 
           |     53.19      46.81 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       105 |        23         22 |        45 
           |     51.11      48.89 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       106 |        24         22 |        46 
           |     52.17      47.83 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       107 |        26         24 |        50 
           |     52.00      48.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       108 |        24         24 |        48 
           |     50.00      50.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       109 |        20         25 |        45 
           |     44.44      55.56 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       110 |        24         26 |        50 
           |     48.00      52.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       111 |        32         30 |        62 
           |     51.61      48.39 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       112 |        24         28 |        52 
           |     46.15      53.85 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       113 |        27         30 |        57 
           |     47.37      52.63 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       114 |        20         24 |        44 
           |     45.45      54.55 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       115 |        21         27 |        48 
           |     43.75      56.25 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       116 |        21         24 |        45 
           |     46.67      53.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       117 |        23         25 |        48 
           |     47.92      52.08 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
     Total |       632        659 |     1,291 
           |     48.95      51.05 |    100.00 

. 
. 
. * FIGURE 3: YALE UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES IN THE SENATE, BY PARTY
. sort congress

. by congress: sum yale_undergrad if dem==1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 93

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         57    .0526316    .2252818          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 94

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         61    .0491803    .2180389          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 95

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         63     .015873    .1259882          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 96

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         59    .0338983    .1825208          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 97

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         46    .0434783    .2061846          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 98

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         46    .0434783    .2061846          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 99

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         47    .0638298    .2470922          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 100

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         55    .0545455    .2291839          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 101

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         56    .0535714    .2272078          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 102

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         57    .0526316    .2252818          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 103

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         57    .0526316    .2252818          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 104

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         47    .0425532    .2040297          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 105

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         45    .0444444    .2084091          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 106

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         46    .0434783    .2061846          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 107

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         50         .08    .2740475          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 108

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         48    .0833333    .2793102          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 109

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         45    .0888889     .287799          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 110

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         50         .12    .3282607          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 111

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         62    .0967742    .2980636          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 112

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         52    .1153846    .3226025          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 113

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         57    .0701754    .2577131          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 114

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         44    .0909091    .2908034          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 115

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         48    .0833333    .2793102          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 116

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         45    .0666667    .2522625          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 117

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         48       .0625     .244623          0          1


. by congress: sum yale_undergrad if dem==0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 93

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         42    .1190476    .3277701          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 94

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         37    .1081081    .3148001          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 95

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         38    .1315789      .34257          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 96

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         41    .1219512    .3312946          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 97

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         53    .0943396    .2950978          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 98

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         55    .1090909    .3146266          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 99

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         54    .1111111    .3172206          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 100

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         46    .1086957    .3146964          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 101

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         45    .1111111    .3178209          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 102

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         44    .0909091    .2908034          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 103

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         44    .0681818    .2549717          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 104

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         54    .0555556    .2312123          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 105

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         55    .0545455    .2291839          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 106

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         56    .0535714    .2272078          0          1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 107

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         49           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 108

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         51           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 109

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         55           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 110

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         51           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 111

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         43           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 112

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         48           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 113

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         45           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 114

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         54           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 115

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         54           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 116

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         54           0           0          0          0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> congress = 117

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
yale_under~d |         50           0           0          0          0


. 
. * FIGURE 4: ELITE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS ARE MORE LIBERAL (SENATE MEMBERS)
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(16, 194)        =       5.43
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.2039
                                                Root MSE          =     .16216

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.1117541   .0287647    -3.89   0.000    -.1684857   -.0550224
    majority |   .0356067   .0206988     1.72   0.087    -.0052168    .0764302
   seniority |  -.0168699   .0052613    -3.21   0.002    -.0272466   -.0064932
       sensq |   .0005393   .0002457     2.20   0.029     .0000547    .0010238
   state_leg |   .0544802   .0443946     1.23   0.221    -.0330777    .1420382
state_leg_~f |  -.3910609   .1816412    -2.15   0.033     -.749306   -.0328158
  maj_leader |   .0333329    .018656     1.79   0.076    -.0034617    .0701275
  min_leader |   .0300441   .0238001     1.26   0.208    -.0168961    .0769843
       chair |  -.0381544   .0193202    -1.97   0.050     -.076259   -.0000498
      subchr |  -.0089258   .0194298    -0.46   0.646    -.0472465    .0293949
       power |  -.0167034    .023652    -0.71   0.481    -.0633514    .0299446
      female |  -.1295011   .0501263    -2.58   0.011    -.2283637   -.0306386
        afam |  -.1120974   .2332716    -0.48   0.631    -.5721714    .3479766
      latino |   .0802182   .0935844     0.86   0.392    -.1043554    .2647917
     votepct |   .0100264   .0069863     1.44   0.153    -.0037525    .0238053
  votepct_sq |  -.0000721   .0000513    -1.41   0.161    -.0001732     .000029
       _cons |    .160368   .2259155     0.71   0.479    -.2851979    .6059339
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(16, 193)        =       4.35
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1471
                                                Root MSE          =     .10838

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0327089   .0162451    -2.01   0.045    -.0647497   -.0006682
    majority |  -.0056433   .0112949    -0.50   0.618    -.0279206    .0166341
   seniority |  -.0047125   .0030934    -1.52   0.129    -.0108137    .0013886
       sensq |   .0001207   .0001495     0.81   0.420    -.0001741    .0004155
   state_leg |   .0876969   .0259743     3.38   0.001     .0364671    .1389268
state_leg_~f |  -.3194548   .1015526    -3.15   0.002    -.5197502   -.1191593
  maj_leader |  -.0162529   .0205396    -0.79   0.430    -.0567638     .024258
  min_leader |  -.0276126   .0286456    -0.96   0.336    -.0841113    .0288861
       chair |   .0271449   .0124733     2.18   0.031     .0025435    .0517463
      subchr |  -.0067132   .0116687    -0.58   0.566    -.0297277    .0163014
       power |   .0246873   .0146922     1.68   0.095    -.0042906    .0536651
      female |  -.0262766   .0247067    -1.06   0.289    -.0750065    .0224533
        afam |  -.1617432   .0628092    -2.58   0.011    -.2856239   -.0378626
      latino |  -.0680995   .0176068    -3.87   0.000     -.102826    -.033373
     votepct |  -.0113871   .0046682    -2.44   0.016    -.0205943   -.0021799
  votepct_sq |   .0000916   .0000343     2.67   0.008      .000024    .0001593
       _cons |   .0583806    .154191     0.38   0.705    -.2457353    .3624965
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * COMPARING MAGNITUDE OF EFFECTS
. sum dwnom1 if dem==0

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
      dwnom1 |      1,218    .3717545    .1804324      -.124       .936

. * About two-thirds of a standard deviation
. * About the same size as for gender in Republican Party
. 
. * FIGURE 5: ELITE-EDUCATED REPUBLICANS ARE NO MORE EFFECTIVE (SENATE MEMBERS)
. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(17, 194)        =      24.81
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3788
                                                Root MSE          =     .74581

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0457745   .0775994    -0.59   0.556    -.1988212    .1072723
    majority |   .2699196   .1391546     1.94   0.054    -.0045306    .5443697
   seniority |   .0975491   .0218466     4.47   0.000     .0544618    .1406363
       sensq |  -.0044247   .0012826    -3.45   0.001    -.0069543   -.0018952
   state_leg |  -.3102228   .1494555    -2.08   0.039    -.6049892   -.0154565
state_leg_~f |    2.05304   .7214939     2.85   0.005     .6300607    3.476019
  maj_leader |    .213208     .18373     1.16   0.247    -.1491566    .5755726
  min_leader |  -.1090053   .0693974    -1.57   0.118    -.2458755    .0278649
       chair |   .9982611   .1611789     6.19   0.000     .6803732    1.316149
      subchr |   .1078329   .1242332     0.87   0.386    -.1371882     .352854
       power |  -.0947541   .0702299    -1.35   0.179    -.2332663    .0437581
     meddist |  -.3061529   .1598288    -1.92   0.057    -.6213781    .0090723
      female |   .0405777   .0827925     0.49   0.625    -.1227112    .2038666
        afam |  -.2557726   .1200902    -2.13   0.034    -.4926227   -.0189225
      latino |   .4472372   .3478646     1.29   0.200    -.2388449    1.133319
     votepct |   .0060126   .0271748     0.22   0.825    -.0475833    .0596085
  votepct_sq |  -.0000606   .0002087    -0.29   0.772    -.0004723    .0003511
       _cons |   .3009463   .8663748     0.35   0.729    -1.407777    2.009669
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(17, 193)        =      21.05
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3502
                                                Root MSE          =     .86123

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |   -.036755   .1007891    -0.36   0.716    -.2355444    .1620344
    majority |   .2756179   .1007458     2.74   0.007     .0769138    .4743221
   seniority |   .1208501   .0197853     6.11   0.000      .081827    .1598732
       sensq |   -.005113   .0009558    -5.35   0.000    -.0069982   -.0032278
   state_leg |  -.1546529   .1688689    -0.92   0.361    -.4877184    .1784127
state_leg_~f |   .3872899   .7514022     0.52   0.607    -1.094725    1.869304
  maj_leader |  -.2575172   .2069056    -1.24   0.215    -.6656037    .1505694
  min_leader |  -.0882106   .1103481    -0.80   0.425    -.3058537    .1294326
       chair |   .9823012   .1559047     6.30   0.000     .6748056    1.289797
      subchr |   .4029093   .0962142     4.19   0.000     .2131429    .5926756
       power |  -.0850634   .0949801    -0.90   0.372    -.2723956    .1022689
     meddist |   .4065364   .2556072     1.59   0.113    -.0976057    .9106785
      female |   .0486897   .1610843     0.30   0.763    -.2690219    .3664014
        afam |  -.0616207   .1035688    -0.59   0.553    -.2658927    .1426513
      latino |   .2231166   .1419877     1.57   0.118    -.0569302    .5031634
     votepct |   .0209366   .0314297     0.67   0.506    -.0410532    .0829264
  votepct_sq |  -.0001666   .0002341    -0.71   0.478    -.0006283    .0002952
       _cons |  -.5635392   1.049552    -0.54   0.592    -2.633604    1.506526
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * FOR APPENDIX TABLES
. 
. * A1: VARIABLE DESCRIPTIONS, SOURCES, AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
. sum elite_education ivyany dwnom1 lesclassic majority seniority sensq state_l
> eg state_leg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afa
> m latino votepct

    Variable |        Obs        Mean    Std. Dev.       Min        Max
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |      2,533    .4275563    .4948218          0          1
      ivyany |      2,533    .2601658    .4388116          0          1
      dwnom1 |      2,532    .0186031    .3734032      -.772       .936
  lesclassic |      2,533           1    1.000637          0    10.1944
    majority |      2,533     .549546    .4976374          0          1
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
   seniority |      2,533    6.128701     4.63434          1         26
       sensq |      2,533    59.02961    87.21253          1        676
   state_leg |      2,533    .4113699    .4921792          0          1
state_leg_~f |      2,533    .0830138    .1173618          0       .629
  maj_leader |      2,533    .0548756    .2277823          0          1
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
  min_leader |      2,533    .0513225    .2206984          0          1
       chair |      2,533    .1662061     .372339          0          1
      subchr |      2,533    .4508488    .4976765          0          1
       power |      2,533    .7343071    .4417887          0          1
     meddist |      2,532    .3307358    .2037754   9.54e-10      1.112
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
      female |      2,533     .099092    .2988445          0          1
        afam |      2,533    .0090801    .0948749          0          1
      latino |      2,533    .0098697    .0988745          0          1
     votepct |      2,496    59.51607    9.211561         35        100

. 
. * A3: IDEOLOGY AND ELITE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS (SENATE)
. 
. * Model A3.1
. regress dwnom1 elite_education if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,218
                                                F(1, 200)         =      14.63
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0002
                                                R-squared         =     0.0918
                                                Root MSE          =     .17202

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 201 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.1159409   .0303091    -3.83   0.000    -.1757074   -.0561744
       _cons |   .4104015   .0147051    27.91   0.000     .3814045    .4393984
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A3.2
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(16, 194)        =       5.43
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.2039
                                                Root MSE          =     .16216

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.1117541   .0287647    -3.89   0.000    -.1684857   -.0550224
    majority |   .0356067   .0206988     1.72   0.087    -.0052168    .0764302
   seniority |  -.0168699   .0052613    -3.21   0.002    -.0272466   -.0064932
       sensq |   .0005393   .0002457     2.20   0.029     .0000547    .0010238
   state_leg |   .0544802   .0443946     1.23   0.221    -.0330777    .1420382
state_leg_~f |  -.3910609   .1816412    -2.15   0.033     -.749306   -.0328158
  maj_leader |   .0333329    .018656     1.79   0.076    -.0034617    .0701275
  min_leader |   .0300441   .0238001     1.26   0.208    -.0168961    .0769843
       chair |  -.0381544   .0193202    -1.97   0.050     -.076259   -.0000498
      subchr |  -.0089258   .0194298    -0.46   0.646    -.0472465    .0293949
       power |  -.0167034    .023652    -0.71   0.481    -.0633514    .0299446
      female |  -.1295011   .0501263    -2.58   0.011    -.2283637   -.0306386
        afam |  -.1120974   .2332716    -0.48   0.631    -.5721714    .3479766
      latino |   .0802182   .0935844     0.86   0.392    -.1043554    .2647917
     votepct |   .0100264   .0069863     1.44   0.153    -.0037525    .0238053
  votepct_sq |  -.0000721   .0000513    -1.41   0.161    -.0001732     .000029
       _cons |    .160368   .2259155     0.71   0.479    -.2851979    .6059339
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A3.3
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq i.congress if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(39, 194)        =       4.65
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3848
                                                Root MSE          =     .14394

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0990393   .0259821    -3.81   0.000    -.1502829   -.0477957
    majority |   .2469973   .0407776     6.06   0.000     .1665729    .3274217
   seniority |  -.0130559   .0050751    -2.57   0.011    -.0230653   -.0030465
       sensq |   .0002257   .0002633     0.86   0.392    -.0002936    .0007451
   state_leg |   .0054216   .0454795     0.12   0.905    -.0842762    .0951193
state_leg_~f |  -.1329207   .1943807    -0.68   0.495    -.5162916    .2504501
  maj_leader |   .0475379   .0217395     2.19   0.030     .0046618    .0904141
  min_leader |   .0373691   .0238946     1.56   0.119    -.0097574    .0844955
       chair |  -.0356827    .018597    -1.92   0.056    -.0723609    .0009956
      subchr |   .0146298   .0170691     0.86   0.392     -.019035    .0482946
       power |  -.0335465   .0207833    -1.61   0.108    -.0745368    .0074437
      female |  -.1818761   .0478858    -3.80   0.000    -.2763197   -.0874325
        afam |  -.1427904   .1639121    -0.87   0.385     -.466069    .1804882
      latino |  -.0273838     .06304    -0.43   0.664    -.1517156    .0969479
     votepct |   .0083419   .0061824     1.35   0.179    -.0038514    .0205353
  votepct_sq |  -.0000639   .0000458    -1.40   0.165    -.0001542    .0000264
             |
    congress |
         94  |   .0099115    .011683     0.85   0.397    -.0131306    .0329536
         95  |  -.0018571   .0208243    -0.09   0.929    -.0429282     .039214
         96  |  -.0099452   .0252304    -0.39   0.694    -.0597063    .0398159
         97  |  -.2379265   .0333579    -7.13   0.000    -.3037172   -.1721357
         98  |  -.2293557   .0324719    -7.06   0.000     -.293399   -.1653124
         99  |  -.2162562   .0333469    -6.49   0.000    -.2820253   -.1504872
        100  |    .043776    .032432     1.35   0.179    -.0201887    .1077406
        101  |    .047736   .0346752     1.38   0.170    -.0206528    .1161248
        102  |   .0502935   .0343139     1.47   0.144    -.0173827    .1179697
        103  |   .0698275   .0335541     2.08   0.039     .0036498    .1360052
        104  |  -.1720445   .0286256    -6.01   0.000    -.2285019   -.1155872
        105  |   -.162715   .0282257    -5.76   0.000    -.2183837   -.1070464
        106  |  -.1556084   .0279145    -5.57   0.000    -.2106633   -.1005536
        107  |   .1023114   .0324472     3.15   0.002     .0383169    .1663059
        108  |   -.155031   .0278833    -5.56   0.000    -.2100243   -.1000377
        109  |   -.137367   .0267056    -5.14   0.000    -.1900376   -.0846963
        110  |   .1300369   .0342571     3.80   0.000     .0624728     .197601
        111  |   .1372753   .0355692     3.86   0.000     .0671234    .2074271
        112  |   .1645676   .0358397     4.59   0.000     .0938821     .235253
        113  |   .1955724   .0374872     5.22   0.000     .1216377    .2695071
        114  |  -.0358752   .0138347    -2.59   0.010    -.0631609   -.0085895
        115  |   -.020548   .0119051    -1.73   0.086     -.044028    .0029321
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |   .2788663   .0379386     7.35   0.000     .2040414    .3536913
             |
       _cons |   .1436364   .2026521     0.71   0.479    -.2560477    .5433205
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A3.4
. regress dwnom1 elite_education if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,291
                                                F(1, 202)         =       4.57
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0337
                                                R-squared         =     0.0228
                                                Root MSE          =     .11663

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 203 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0356351   .0166686    -2.14   0.034    -.0685018   -.0027684
       _cons |  -.2926472   .0123165   -23.76   0.000    -.3169325   -.2683618
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A3.5
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(16, 193)        =       4.35
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1471
                                                Root MSE          =     .10838

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0327089   .0162451    -2.01   0.045    -.0647497   -.0006682
    majority |  -.0056433   .0112949    -0.50   0.618    -.0279206    .0166341
   seniority |  -.0047125   .0030934    -1.52   0.129    -.0108137    .0013886
       sensq |   .0001207   .0001495     0.81   0.420    -.0001741    .0004155
   state_leg |   .0876969   .0259743     3.38   0.001     .0364671    .1389268
state_leg_~f |  -.3194548   .1015526    -3.15   0.002    -.5197502   -.1191593
  maj_leader |  -.0162529   .0205396    -0.79   0.430    -.0567638     .024258
  min_leader |  -.0276126   .0286456    -0.96   0.336    -.0841113    .0288861
       chair |   .0271449   .0124733     2.18   0.031     .0025435    .0517463
      subchr |  -.0067132   .0116687    -0.58   0.566    -.0297277    .0163014
       power |   .0246873   .0146922     1.68   0.095    -.0042906    .0536651
      female |  -.0262766   .0247067    -1.06   0.289    -.0750065    .0224533
        afam |  -.1617432   .0628092    -2.58   0.011    -.2856239   -.0378626
      latino |  -.0680995   .0176068    -3.87   0.000     -.102826    -.033373
     votepct |  -.0113871   .0046682    -2.44   0.016    -.0205943   -.0021799
  votepct_sq |   .0000916   .0000343     2.67   0.008      .000024    .0001593
       _cons |   .0583806    .154191     0.38   0.705    -.2457353    .3624965
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A3.6
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq i.congress if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(39, 193)        =       2.07
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0007
                                                R-squared         =     0.1622
                                                Root MSE          =     .10841

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0332392   .0164554    -2.02   0.045    -.0656946   -.0007838
    majority |  -.0186636   .0295733    -0.63   0.529     -.076992    .0396648
   seniority |  -.0049311   .0031663    -1.56   0.121    -.0111761    .0013139
       sensq |   .0001137    .000161     0.71   0.481    -.0002038    .0004312
   state_leg |   .0875854   .0258233     3.39   0.001     .0366532    .1385175
state_leg_~f |  -.3147906   .1003908    -3.14   0.002    -.5127945   -.1167867
  maj_leader |  -.0177947   .0213685    -0.83   0.406    -.0599403     .024351
  min_leader |  -.0244839   .0280026    -0.87   0.383    -.0797143    .0307464
       chair |   .0274504    .012766     2.15   0.033     .0022717     .052629
      subchr |   .0007331   .0121968     0.06   0.952     -.023323    .0247892
       power |   .0249485    .014796     1.69   0.093    -.0042342    .0541312
      female |  -.0304863   .0259029    -1.18   0.241    -.0815753    .0206028
        afam |  -.1601358   .0619486    -2.58   0.010     -.282319   -.0379526
      latino |  -.0648886   .0237051    -2.74   0.007    -.1116429   -.0181342
     votepct |   -.012392   .0048549    -2.55   0.011    -.0219675   -.0028166
  votepct_sq |   .0000996   .0000357     2.79   0.006     .0000291    .0001701
             |
    congress |
         94  |  -.0056809   .0094582    -0.60   0.549    -.0243356    .0129739
         95  |  -.0097972    .013299    -0.74   0.462    -.0360272    .0164327
         96  |   .0029488   .0190156     0.16   0.877    -.0345564    .0404539
         97  |    .005896   .0256261     0.23   0.818    -.0446472    .0564393
         98  |   .0145219   .0255147     0.57   0.570    -.0358016    .0648454
         99  |   .0124146   .0250261     0.50   0.620    -.0369452    .0617743
        100  |   .0301032   .0224096     1.34   0.181    -.0140959    .0743024
        101  |   .0359527   .0229018     1.57   0.118    -.0092173    .0811226
        102  |   .0297352    .023492     1.27   0.207    -.0165987    .0760692
        103  |   .0274305   .0244064     1.12   0.262    -.0207071     .075568
        104  |   .0136841   .0216522     0.63   0.528    -.0290212    .0563893
        105  |   .0099676   .0213458     0.47   0.641    -.0321334    .0520686
        106  |    .016234   .0213308     0.76   0.448    -.0258374    .0583055
        107  |   .0358256   .0269285     1.33   0.185    -.0172864    .0889376
        108  |   .0337785   .0223978     1.51   0.133    -.0103974    .0779543
        109  |   .0272455   .0212374     1.28   0.201    -.0146418    .0691328
        110  |   .0436367   .0254096     1.72   0.088    -.0064796    .0937529
        111  |   .0348408   .0251411     1.39   0.167    -.0147458    .0844274
        112  |   .0324225   .0260116     1.25   0.214     -.018881     .083726
        113  |   .0164772   .0255819     0.64   0.520    -.0339788    .0669331
        114  |   .0011597    .012565     0.09   0.927    -.0236226     .025942
        115  |   .0060348   .0092012     0.66   0.513     -.012113    .0241825
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |    .013152   .0283583     0.46   0.643    -.0427799     .069084
             |
       _cons |   .0785069   .1591889     0.49   0.622    -.2354663    .3924801
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A4: ROBUSTNESS OF IDEOLOGY AND ELITE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS (SENATE)
. 
. gener elite_undergrad_university=0

. replace elite_undergrad_university= 1 if elite_undergrad_75==1 & elite_las_un
> dergrad==0
(587 real changes made)

. 
. gener elite_no_las = 0

. replace elite_no_las = 1 if elite_education==1 & elite_las_undergrad==0
(951 real changes made)

. 
. gener elite_education_total = elite_undergrad_75+elite_grad_75+elite_law+elit
> e_mba
(24 missing values generated)

. 
. *replicate ideology analyses for different education variables
. 
. *control only for if someone went to an elite undergraduate university (not i
> ncluding LAC)
. regress dwnom1 elite_undergrad_university majority seniority sensq state_leg 
> state_leg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino vo
> tepct votepct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(16, 194)        =       4.88
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1684
                                                Root MSE          =     .16573

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_unde~y |  -.1040725   .0372425    -2.79   0.006    -.1775246   -.0306203
    majority |   .0416711   .0215412     1.93   0.055    -.0008138     .084156
   seniority |   -.019609   .0056456    -3.47   0.001    -.0307437   -.0084744
       sensq |   .0006747   .0002695     2.50   0.013     .0001431    .0012063
   state_leg |   .0692593   .0428079     1.62   0.107    -.0151693    .1536879
state_leg_~f |  -.4822449   .1870543    -2.58   0.011    -.8511661   -.1133238
  maj_leader |   .0392295   .0198675     1.97   0.050     .0000454    .0784135
  min_leader |   .0272059   .0252389     1.08   0.282    -.0225719    .0769837
       chair |  -.0390115   .0197091    -1.98   0.049    -.0778831   -.0001398
      subchr |  -.0142369   .0197676    -0.72   0.472    -.0532238      .02475
       power |  -.0140258   .0240389    -0.58   0.560     -.061437    .0333853
      female |  -.1255918   .0430397    -2.92   0.004    -.2104777    -.040706
        afam |  -.0963236   .2320115    -0.42   0.678    -.5539124    .3612651
      latino |   .0971542   .0966365     1.01   0.316    -.0934388    .2877473
     votepct |   .0093335   .0066464     1.40   0.162     -.003775     .022442
  votepct_sq |  -.0000699   .0000472    -1.48   0.140     -.000163    .0000232
       _cons |   .1811772   .2193186     0.83   0.410    -.2513778    .6137322
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. regress dwnom1 elite_undergrad_university majority seniority sensq state_leg 
> state_leg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino vo
> tepct votepct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(16, 193)        =       4.59
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1403
                                                Root MSE          =      .1088

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_unde~y |  -.0284121   .0177911    -1.60   0.112     -.063502    .0066779
    majority |  -.0050379   .0115472    -0.44   0.663    -.0278129     .017737
   seniority |  -.0040861   .0030505    -1.34   0.182    -.0101027    .0019306
       sensq |   .0001062   .0001449     0.73   0.464    -.0001796     .000392
   state_leg |   .0931224   .0259313     3.59   0.000     .0419772    .1442676
state_leg_~f |   -.329325   .1039568    -3.17   0.002    -.5343623   -.1242878
  maj_leader |  -.0159215   .0208384    -0.76   0.446    -.0570217    .0251788
  min_leader |   -.029381   .0288309    -1.02   0.309     -.086245    .0274831
       chair |   .0249032   .0127642     1.95   0.053    -.0002722    .0500785
      subchr |  -.0061601   .0120052    -0.51   0.608    -.0298383     .017518
       power |   .0208367   .0153115     1.36   0.175    -.0093626     .051036
      female |  -.0199696   .0245677    -0.81   0.417    -.0684253    .0284862
        afam |   -.163906    .057946    -2.83   0.005    -.2781947   -.0496173
      latino |  -.0643862   .0135408    -4.75   0.000    -.0910932   -.0376792
     votepct |  -.0114962   .0045877    -2.51   0.013    -.0205446   -.0024478
  votepct_sq |   .0000924   .0000334     2.77   0.006     .0000266    .0001582
       _cons |   .0504263   .1524621     0.33   0.741    -.2502795    .3511322
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *control only for if someone went to an elite institution--graduate, professi
> onal, or undergraduate--other than an elite LAC
. 
. regress dwnom1 elite_no_las majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof
>  maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_
> sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(16, 194)        =       4.89
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1720
                                                Root MSE          =     .16537

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_no_las |  -.0896466   .0299421    -2.99   0.003    -.1487005   -.0305926
    majority |   .0388007   .0211615     1.83   0.068    -.0029355    .0805368
   seniority |  -.0184621   .0055366    -3.33   0.001    -.0293818   -.0075424
       sensq |   .0006255   .0002588     2.42   0.017     .0001152    .0011359
   state_leg |    .060984   .0439468     1.39   0.167    -.0256909    .1476589
state_leg_~f |  -.4090804   .1810872    -2.26   0.025    -.7662329   -.0519279
  maj_leader |   .0396529    .018941     2.09   0.038     .0022962    .0770096
  min_leader |   .0342083   .0240701     1.42   0.157    -.0132645     .081681
       chair |  -.0383234   .0200784    -1.91   0.058    -.0779234    .0012766
      subchr |  -.0117901   .0197461    -0.60   0.551    -.0507348    .0271545
       power |  -.0126956    .025229    -0.50   0.615    -.0624539    .0370627
      female |  -.1249469   .0475554    -2.63   0.009     -.218739   -.0311549
        afam |  -.1027428   .2308873    -0.44   0.657    -.5581144    .3526287
      latino |   .0907255   .0935335     0.97   0.333    -.0937476    .2751987
     votepct |    .010572   .0070355     1.50   0.135    -.0033038    .0244478
  votepct_sq |  -.0000769   .0000514    -1.50   0.136    -.0001783    .0000245
       _cons |   .1343017   .2277679     0.59   0.556    -.3149176    .5835209
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. regress dwnom1 elite_no_las majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof
>  maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_
> sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(16, 193)        =       4.23
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1390
                                                Root MSE          =     .10889

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_no_las |  -.0243428   .0162952    -1.49   0.137    -.0564823    .0077966
    majority |  -.0044658   .0114291    -0.39   0.696    -.0270079    .0180762
   seniority |  -.0045078   .0030908    -1.46   0.146    -.0106039    .0015883
       sensq |   .0001206   .0001488     0.81   0.419    -.0001729    .0004142
   state_leg |   .0913015   .0258839     3.53   0.001     .0402499    .1423531
state_leg_~f |  -.3297016   .1027496    -3.21   0.002    -.5323578   -.1270453
  maj_leader |  -.0163436   .0208504    -0.78   0.434    -.0574675    .0247803
  min_leader |  -.0281747   .0288885    -0.98   0.331    -.0851523     .028803
       chair |   .0257405   .0125935     2.04   0.042     .0009019    .0505792
      subchr |   -.007246   .0118086    -0.61   0.540    -.0305365    .0160444
       power |   .0228532   .0149196     1.53   0.127    -.0065732    .0522795
      female |  -.0230657   .0245479    -0.94   0.349    -.0714824    .0253509
        afam |  -.1622781   .0621166    -2.61   0.010    -.2847925   -.0397636
      latino |  -.0629255   .0159455    -3.95   0.000    -.0943753   -.0314758
     votepct |  -.0113104   .0046401    -2.44   0.016    -.0204623   -.0021585
  votepct_sq |   .0000914    .000034     2.69   0.008     .0000243    .0001584
       _cons |   .0475013    .153101     0.31   0.757    -.2544647    .3494674
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *control for total number of elite educational experiences (undergraduate plu
> s law/business/graduate--maximum value is three)
. 
. regress dwnom1 elite_education_total majority seniority sensq state_leg state
> _leg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct
>  votepct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,187
                                                F(16, 188)        =       5.59
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.2193
                                                Root MSE          =     .16056

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 189 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~l |  -.0727168   .0159106    -4.57   0.000    -.1041031   -.0413306
    majority |   .0374105   .0217147     1.72   0.087    -.0054252    .0802462
   seniority |  -.0161702   .0053348    -3.03   0.003    -.0266939   -.0056464
       sensq |   .0005098   .0002545     2.00   0.047     7.75e-06    .0010119
   state_leg |   .0468151   .0427331     1.10   0.275    -.0374829     .131113
state_leg_~f |  -.3937054   .1811065    -2.17   0.031    -.7509674   -.0364434
  maj_leader |   .0305442   .0191198     1.60   0.112    -.0071726    .0682611
  min_leader |   .0253915   .0238584     1.06   0.289    -.0216731    .0724561
       chair |  -.0380744   .0193145    -1.97   0.050    -.0761754    .0000267
      subchr |  -.0077547   .0199888    -0.39   0.698    -.0471858    .0316765
       power |  -.0169597   .0234839    -0.72   0.471    -.0632855     .029366
      female |  -.1403992   .0505548    -2.78   0.006    -.2401269   -.0406716
        afam |  -.1100776   .2366696    -0.47   0.642    -.5769468    .3567916
      latino |    .081455   .0959896     0.85   0.397    -.1079001    .2708101
     votepct |   .0089061   .0068205     1.31   0.193    -.0045484    .0223607
  votepct_sq |  -.0000649   .0000495    -1.31   0.192    -.0001626    .0000328
       _cons |   .1995522   .2218744     0.90   0.370    -.2381312    .6372356
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. regress dwnom1 elite_education_total majority seniority sensq state_leg state
> _leg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct
>  votepct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,263
                                                F(16, 191)        =       4.61
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1591
                                                Root MSE          =     .10764

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 192 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~l |  -.0250429   .0107305    -2.33   0.021    -.0462083   -.0038775
    majority |  -.0091538   .0114399    -0.80   0.425    -.0317185     .013411
   seniority |  -.0049053    .003112    -1.58   0.117    -.0110437    .0012331
       sensq |   .0001299   .0001487     0.87   0.383    -.0001634    .0004233
   state_leg |   .0883173   .0263358     3.35   0.001     .0363709    .1402637
state_leg_~f |   -.310347   .1050236    -2.96   0.004    -.5175021    -.103192
  maj_leader |  -.0163062   .0203963    -0.80   0.425    -.0565372    .0239248
  min_leader |   -.028697    .028631    -1.00   0.317    -.0851705    .0277766
       chair |   .0275122   .0125603     2.19   0.030     .0027375    .0522868
      subchr |  -.0038873   .0115435    -0.34   0.737    -.0266563    .0188818
       power |   .0240778   .0150416     1.60   0.111    -.0055912    .0537468
      female |  -.0272737   .0246399    -1.11   0.270     -.075875    .0213275
        afam |  -.1494061   .0582134    -2.57   0.011    -.2642298   -.0345823
      latino |  -.0714898   .0179746    -3.98   0.000     -.106944   -.0360355
     votepct |  -.0108062   .0045915    -2.35   0.020    -.0198629   -.0017496
  votepct_sq |   .0000872   .0000337     2.59   0.010     .0000208    .0001536
       _cons |   .0419372   .1517128     0.28   0.783    -.2573106     .341185
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A6: ROBUSTNESS OF LIBERAL ELITE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS RESULTS (SENATE)
. * Model A6.1 (midwest as control region)
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq south northeast west if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(19, 194)        =       8.35
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3788
                                                Root MSE          =     .14342

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0658823   .0254015    -2.59   0.010    -.1159809   -.0157836
    majority |   .0113537   .0185744     0.61   0.542    -.0252799    .0479873
   seniority |  -.0127242   .0044377    -2.87   0.005    -.0214767   -.0039718
       sensq |   .0003093   .0002166     1.43   0.155    -.0001179    .0007366
   state_leg |   .0295243   .0352756     0.84   0.404    -.0400487    .0990973
state_leg_~f |  -.3755994   .1479383    -2.54   0.012    -.6673732   -.0838255
  maj_leader |   .0102534   .0186366     0.55   0.583     -.026503    .0470099
  min_leader |   .0118666   .0208205     0.57   0.569    -.0291969    .0529301
       chair |  -.0221657   .0171094    -1.30   0.197    -.0559101    .0115786
      subchr |   .0090517   .0174817     0.52   0.605     -.025427    .0435303
       power |  -.0168312   .0190158    -0.89   0.377    -.0543354     .020673
      female |  -.0833065   .0327179    -2.55   0.012     -.147835   -.0187781
        afam |  -.0630633   .1645018    -0.38   0.702    -.3875049    .2613783
      latino |   .0228947   .1000809     0.23   0.819    -.1744917     .220281
     votepct |   .0071974   .0064878     1.11   0.269    -.0055983     .019993
  votepct_sq |   -.000055    .000049    -1.12   0.263    -.0001516    .0000416
       south |   .1068325   .0272524     3.92   0.000     .0530835    .1605815
   northeast |   -.131787   .0383278    -3.44   0.001    -.2073797   -.0561942
        west |   .0703091    .027561     2.55   0.012     .0159515    .1246666
       _cons |   .2152316   .2042204     1.05   0.293    -.1875457    .6180088
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A6.2 excluding South
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==0 & south==0, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: latino omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =        817
                                                F(14, 131)        =          .
                                                Prob > F          =          .
                                                R-squared         =     0.2867
                                                Root MSE          =     .15809

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 132 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.1351707   .0318355    -4.25   0.000    -.1981489   -.0721926
    majority |   .0334291   .0302616     1.10   0.271    -.0264355    .0932938
   seniority |  -.0168692   .0061315    -2.75   0.007    -.0289988   -.0047396
       sensq |    .000539   .0003134     1.72   0.088    -.0000809     .001159
   state_leg |   .0633537   .0591332     1.07   0.286     -.053626    .1803333
state_leg_~f |  -.4342834   .2287605    -1.90   0.060    -.8868263    .0182594
  maj_leader |   .0519349   .0230211     2.26   0.026     .0063938    .0974761
  min_leader |   .0365245   .0310334     1.18   0.241    -.0248669    .0979159
       chair |  -.0413213   .0218608    -1.89   0.061    -.0845672    .0019246
      subchr |   -.002273   .0275435    -0.08   0.934    -.0567606    .0522146
       power |  -.0225165   .0258567    -0.87   0.385    -.0736671    .0286341
      female |  -.1625667   .0512811    -3.17   0.002    -.2640129   -.0611204
        afam |  -.4841892   .0300023   -16.14   0.000    -.5435408   -.4248376
      latino |          0  (omitted)
     votepct |  -.0017917    .008005    -0.22   0.823    -.0176275    .0140442
  votepct_sq |   .0000233   .0000584     0.40   0.691    -.0000923    .0001388
       _cons |   .5006987   .2608532     1.92   0.057    -.0153311    1.016728
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A6.3
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq south northeast west if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(19, 193)        =       5.23
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.2807
                                                Root MSE          =     .09964

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0229071   .0155976    -1.47   0.144    -.0536708    .0078565
    majority |  -.0016185   .0101061    -0.16   0.873    -.0215511    .0183141
   seniority |  -.0013029    .002849    -0.46   0.648     -.006922    .0043163
       sensq |  -.0000142   .0001362    -0.10   0.917    -.0002828    .0002544
   state_leg |   .0437421   .0293813     1.49   0.138    -.0142076    .1016917
state_leg_~f |  -.1966449    .109293    -1.80   0.074    -.4122069    .0189171
  maj_leader |  -.0193953   .0215113    -0.90   0.368    -.0618227    .0230321
  min_leader |  -.0295514   .0267964    -1.10   0.271    -.0824029    .0233001
       chair |   .0191569   .0116251     1.65   0.101    -.0037717    .0420855
      subchr |   -.010982   .0107072    -1.03   0.306    -.0321001    .0101361
       power |   .0158227   .0131893     1.20   0.232     -.010191    .0418363
      female |  -.0137265   .0226855    -0.61   0.546    -.0584699     .031017
        afam |  -.1500327   .0637171    -2.35   0.020    -.2757039   -.0243614
      latino |  -.0315896   .0179225    -1.76   0.080    -.0669388    .0037595
     votepct |  -.0065804   .0042147    -1.56   0.120    -.0148932    .0017324
  votepct_sq |   .0000495   .0000308     1.61   0.109    -.0000112    .0001103
       south |   .1066132   .0243383     4.38   0.000     .0586101    .1546163
   northeast |  -.0125875   .0222017    -0.57   0.571    -.0563765    .0312015
        west |   .0074061   .0226125     0.33   0.744    -.0371932    .0520054
       _cons |  -.1038699   .1401576    -0.74   0.460    -.3803071    .1725674
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A6.4 excluding South
. regress dwnom1 elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_p
> rof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votep
> ct_sq if dem==1 & south==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =        961
                                                F(16, 144)        =       2.21
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0072
                                                R-squared         =     0.1071
                                                Root MSE          =     .09913

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 145 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0227825   .0171105    -1.33   0.185    -.0566026    .0110376
    majority |  -.0034098   .0103633    -0.33   0.743    -.0238936    .0170739
   seniority |  -.0015458   .0035355    -0.44   0.663     -.008534    .0054423
       sensq |  -.0000306   .0001512    -0.20   0.840    -.0003294    .0002683
   state_leg |   .0604122    .030232     2.00   0.048     .0006563    .1201681
state_leg_~f |  -.2475793   .1121602    -2.21   0.029    -.4692724   -.0258862
  maj_leader |  -.0035893   .0173462    -0.21   0.836    -.0378753    .0306968
  min_leader |  -.0303727   .0316139    -0.96   0.338      -.09286    .0321146
       chair |   .0169652    .011876     1.43   0.155    -.0065086     .040439
      subchr |   -.015326   .0112688    -1.36   0.176    -.0375996    .0069477
       power |   .0322617   .0137365     2.35   0.020     .0051106    .0594129
      female |  -.0161323   .0252386    -0.64   0.524    -.0660182    .0337536
        afam |  -.1458459   .0685551    -2.13   0.035    -.2813502   -.0103416
      latino |  -.0389433    .018205    -2.14   0.034    -.0749268   -.0029597
     votepct |  -.0059319   .0081463    -0.73   0.468    -.0220335    .0101698
  votepct_sq |   .0000437   .0000625     0.70   0.486    -.0000799    .0001672
       _cons |  -.1314893   .2581518    -0.51   0.611    -.6417457    .3787671
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A8: ROBUSTNESS OF IDEOLOGY RESULTS TO IVY LEAGUE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS (SENATE
> )
. * Model A8.1
. regress dwnom1 ivyany if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,218
                                                F(1, 200)         =       6.91
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0092
                                                R-squared         =     0.0487
                                                Root MSE          =     .17606

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 201 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |   -.097808   .0372114    -2.63   0.009     -.171185   -.0244311
       _cons |   .3922316   .0147267    26.63   0.000     .3631921     .421271
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A8.2
. regress dwnom1 ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof maj_l
> eader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_sq if 
> dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(16, 194)        =       4.95
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1680
                                                Root MSE          =     .16578

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |   -.096819   .0348596    -2.78   0.006    -.1655715   -.0280665
    majority |   .0423729   .0217121     1.95   0.052    -.0004493     .085195
   seniority |  -.0191233   .0056485    -3.39   0.001    -.0302637   -.0079829
       sensq |   .0006736   .0002662     2.53   0.012     .0001485    .0011986
   state_leg |   .0632381   .0442389     1.43   0.154    -.0240129    .1504891
state_leg_~f |  -.4328576   .1881902    -2.30   0.023     -.804019   -.0616961
  maj_leader |   .0402902   .0190641     2.11   0.036     .0026907    .0778896
  min_leader |   .0258905   .0253045     1.02   0.308    -.0240168    .0757979
       chair |  -.0381189   .0198402    -1.92   0.056    -.0772491    .0010113
      subchr |  -.0159985   .0199478    -0.80   0.424    -.0553409    .0233438
       power |  -.0153471   .0240038    -0.64   0.523     -.062689    .0319948
      female |  -.1331937    .042905    -3.10   0.002    -.2178138   -.0485736
        afam |  -.0957419   .2320811    -0.41   0.680    -.5534679    .3619841
      latino |   .0981212   .0947013     1.04   0.301    -.0886551    .2848974
     votepct |    .008975   .0068332     1.31   0.191    -.0045019    .0224519
  votepct_sq |  -.0000632   .0000497    -1.27   0.205    -.0001611    .0000348
       _cons |   .1775689   .2217881     0.80   0.424    -.2598566    .6149943
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A8.3 
. regress dwnom1 ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof maj_l
> eader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_sq i.c
> ongress if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(39, 194)        =       4.36
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3615
                                                Root MSE          =     .14665

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0901452   .0304694    -2.96   0.003     -.150239   -.0300514
    majority |   .2645979   .0404396     6.54   0.000     .1848401    .3443557
   seniority |  -.0150522   .0052315    -2.88   0.004    -.0253701   -.0047344
       sensq |   .0003354   .0002649     1.27   0.207    -.0001871    .0008578
   state_leg |   .0117045   .0451989     0.26   0.796    -.0774398    .1008488
state_leg_~f |  -.1586273   .1979936    -0.80   0.424    -.5491236     .231869
  maj_leader |   .0540804   .0215645     2.51   0.013     .0115495    .0966113
  min_leader |    .033416   .0247087     1.35   0.178    -.0153163    .0821482
       chair |  -.0344659   .0191913    -1.80   0.074    -.0723162    .0033844
      subchr |   .0100248   .0170651     0.59   0.558    -.0236321    .0436817
       power |  -.0318234   .0210117    -1.51   0.132     -.073264    .0096173
      female |  -.1880996   .0402673    -4.67   0.000    -.2675174   -.1086817
        afam |  -.1253469   .1591822    -0.79   0.432    -.4392968     .188603
      latino |  -.0167345    .063621    -0.26   0.793    -.1422121    .1087432
     votepct |   .0071085   .0059047     1.20   0.230    -.0045372    .0187542
  votepct_sq |  -.0000541   .0000434    -1.25   0.214    -.0001397    .0000315
             |
    congress |
         94  |   .0100926   .0116634     0.87   0.388    -.0129107    .0330959
         95  |   .0083572   .0191407     0.44   0.663    -.0293933    .0461078
         96  |  -.0004254   .0252399    -0.02   0.987    -.0502053    .0493545
         97  |  -.2410812   .0339371    -7.10   0.000    -.3080142   -.1741481
         98  |  -.2329022   .0325281    -7.16   0.000    -.2970564    -.168748
         99  |  -.2180676    .033351    -6.54   0.000    -.2838447   -.1522904
        100  |    .054737   .0319428     1.71   0.088    -.0082627    .1177367
        101  |   .0628103    .034806     1.80   0.073    -.0058364     .131457
        102  |   .0674462   .0342555     1.97   0.050    -.0001148    .1350071
        103  |   .0861452   .0329666     2.61   0.010     .0211263    .1511642
        104  |  -.1712134   .0282737    -6.06   0.000    -.2269766   -.1154502
        105  |  -.1564873   .0274265    -5.71   0.000    -.2105797    -.102395
        106  |  -.1491793   .0271584    -5.49   0.000    -.2027429   -.0956157
        107  |   .1224151   .0326839     3.75   0.000     .0579538    .1868765
        108  |  -.1564226   .0272356    -5.74   0.000    -.2101384   -.1027067
        109  |  -.1378191   .0261596    -5.27   0.000    -.1894128   -.0862255
        110  |   .1477742   .0343361     4.30   0.000     .0800542    .2154941
        111  |   .1583281   .0352752     4.49   0.000      .088756    .2279001
        112  |   .1834568   .0348095     5.27   0.000     .1148032    .2521104
        113  |   .2157085   .0364191     5.92   0.000     .1438803    .2875367
        114  |  -.0326394   .0136609    -2.39   0.018    -.0595823   -.0056964
        115  |  -.0207838    .011872    -1.75   0.082    -.0441986    .0026309
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |   .2941052   .0370713     7.93   0.000     .2209908    .3672197
             |
       _cons |   .1571071   .1938395     0.81   0.419    -.2251962    .5394105
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A8.4
. regress dwnom1 ivyany if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,291
                                                F(1, 202)         =       5.20
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0236
                                                R-squared         =     0.0243
                                                Root MSE          =     .11654

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 203 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0399265   .0175101    -2.28   0.024    -.0744525   -.0054005
       _cons |  -.2986522   .0101326   -29.47   0.000    -.3186313    -.278673
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A8.5
. regress dwnom1 ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof maj_l
> eader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_sq if 
> dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(16, 193)        =       4.76
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.1462
                                                Root MSE          =     .10843

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |    -.03459   .0174913    -1.98   0.049    -.0690886   -.0000914
    majority |  -.0053673   .0114902    -0.47   0.641    -.0280297    .0172952
   seniority |  -.0046987   .0030782    -1.53   0.129      -.01077    .0013726
       sensq |    .000118   .0001443     0.82   0.415    -.0001666    .0004026
   state_leg |   .0894789   .0250308     3.57   0.000     .0401098     .138848
state_leg_~f |  -.3080273   .1024961    -3.01   0.003    -.5101836   -.1058711
  maj_leader |  -.0162293   .0208193    -0.78   0.437    -.0572919    .0248333
  min_leader |  -.0271701   .0291403    -0.93   0.352    -.0846444    .0303042
       chair |   .0252763   .0128332     1.97   0.050     -.000035    .0505876
      subchr |  -.0064896   .0119661    -0.54   0.588    -.0300907    .0171114
       power |   .0209211   .0152639     1.37   0.172    -.0091844    .0510266
      female |  -.0265343   .0239769    -1.11   0.270    -.0738247     .020756
        afam |  -.1644652   .0574391    -2.86   0.005    -.2777542   -.0511762
      latino |  -.0673284   .0146354    -4.60   0.000    -.0961942   -.0384625
     votepct |  -.0109813   .0045266    -2.43   0.016    -.0199092   -.0020533
  votepct_sq |   .0000887    .000033     2.69   0.008     .0000237    .0001538
       _cons |   .0398502   .1505938     0.26   0.792    -.2571706    .3368711
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A8.6
. regress dwnom1 ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof maj_l
> eader min_leader chair subchr power female afam latino votepct votepct_sq i.c
> ongress if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(39, 193)        =       2.26
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0001
                                                R-squared         =     0.1627
                                                Root MSE          =     .10838

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
      dwnom1 |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0365908   .0176119    -2.08   0.039    -.0713274   -.0018543
    majority |  -.0206467   .0298156    -0.69   0.489    -.0794529    .0381594
   seniority |  -.0049474   .0031355    -1.58   0.116    -.0111316    .0012368
       sensq |   .0001104   .0001544     0.72   0.475    -.0001941     .000415
   state_leg |   .0890793   .0248457     3.59   0.000     .0400753    .1380833
state_leg_~f |  -.3014522   .1011714    -2.98   0.003    -.5009958   -.1019087
  maj_leader |  -.0182332   .0217039    -0.84   0.402    -.0610406    .0245741
  min_leader |  -.0240266    .028563    -0.84   0.401    -.0803624    .0323092
       chair |   .0254585   .0131112     1.94   0.054     -.000401    .0513181
      subchr |   .0014324   .0125534     0.11   0.909    -.0233271    .0261919
       power |   .0209872   .0153371     1.37   0.173    -.0092627    .0512371
      female |  -.0317415   .0249672    -1.27   0.205    -.0809852    .0175021
        afam |  -.1631167   .0561865    -2.90   0.004    -.2739351   -.0522984
      latino |  -.0647591   .0210624    -3.07   0.002    -.1063012   -.0232171
     votepct |  -.0119396   .0047222    -2.53   0.012    -.0212534   -.0026258
  votepct_sq |   .0000964   .0000345     2.80   0.006     .0000284    .0001645
             |
    congress |
         94  |  -.0059656   .0094148    -0.63   0.527    -.0245347    .0126035
         95  |  -.0088549   .0131309    -0.67   0.501    -.0347533    .0170435
         96  |   .0026172   .0191907     0.14   0.892    -.0352332    .0404677
         97  |   .0053429   .0255402     0.21   0.835    -.0450308    .0557165
         98  |   .0126115   .0254503     0.50   0.621    -.0375849     .062808
         99  |   .0115213   .0249511     0.46   0.645    -.0376905    .0607332
        100  |   .0308891    .022473     1.37   0.171    -.0134352    .0752133
        101  |   .0377235   .0230022     1.64   0.103    -.0076444    .0830915
        102  |    .031568   .0236086     1.34   0.183     -.014996    .0781321
        103  |   .0298625   .0244841     1.22   0.224    -.0184282    .0781532
        104  |   .0146972   .0215829     0.68   0.497    -.0278714    .0572658
        105  |   .0101106    .021398     0.47   0.637    -.0320933    .0523146
        106  |    .016958   .0215146     0.79   0.432     -.025476     .059392
        107  |    .039109   .0269618     1.45   0.149    -.0140686    .0922865
        108  |   .0340499   .0226706     1.50   0.135    -.0106641    .0787638
        109  |   .0263431   .0215457     1.22   0.223    -.0161523    .0688384
        110  |   .0457638    .025257     1.81   0.072    -.0040514    .0955791
        111  |   .0379219   .0250317     1.51   0.131     -.011449    .0872927
        112  |   .0357219   .0258741     1.38   0.169    -.0153104    .0867542
        113  |   .0181273   .0254372     0.71   0.477    -.0320432    .0682978
        114  |   .0007993   .0125703     0.06   0.949    -.0239934    .0255921
        115  |   .0057164   .0091814     0.62   0.534    -.0123923    .0238252
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |   .0157704   .0284648     0.55   0.580    -.0403717    .0719124
             |
       _cons |    .059204   .1560023     0.38   0.705    -.2484844    .3668923
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A10: LAWMAKING EFFECTIVENESS OF ELITE-EDUCATED LEGISLATORS (SENATE)
. * Model A10.1
. regress lesclassic elite_education if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,218
                                                F(1, 200)         =       0.05
                                                Prob > F          =     0.8200
                                                R-squared         =     0.0001
                                                Root MSE          =     .93837

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 201 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0202786   .0890154    -0.23   0.820    -.1958078    .1552506
       _cons |   .9496676   .0724326    13.11   0.000      .806838    1.092497
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A10.2
. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(17, 194)        =      24.81
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3788
                                                Root MSE          =     .74581

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0457745   .0775994    -0.59   0.556    -.1988212    .1072723
    majority |   .2699196   .1391546     1.94   0.054    -.0045306    .5443697
   seniority |   .0975491   .0218466     4.47   0.000     .0544618    .1406363
       sensq |  -.0044247   .0012826    -3.45   0.001    -.0069543   -.0018952
   state_leg |  -.3102228   .1494555    -2.08   0.039    -.6049892   -.0154565
state_leg_~f |    2.05304   .7214939     2.85   0.005     .6300607    3.476019
  maj_leader |    .213208     .18373     1.16   0.247    -.1491566    .5755726
  min_leader |  -.1090053   .0693974    -1.57   0.118    -.2458755    .0278649
       chair |   .9982611   .1611789     6.19   0.000     .6803732    1.316149
      subchr |   .1078329   .1242332     0.87   0.386    -.1371882     .352854
       power |  -.0947541   .0702299    -1.35   0.179    -.2332663    .0437581
     meddist |  -.3061529   .1598288    -1.92   0.057    -.6213781    .0090723
      female |   .0405777   .0827925     0.49   0.625    -.1227112    .2038666
        afam |  -.2557726   .1200902    -2.13   0.034    -.4926227   -.0189225
      latino |   .4472372   .3478646     1.29   0.200    -.2388449    1.133319
     votepct |   .0060126   .0271748     0.22   0.825    -.0475833    .0596085
  votepct_sq |  -.0000606   .0002087    -0.29   0.772    -.0004723    .0003511
       _cons |   .3009463   .8663748     0.35   0.729    -1.407777    2.009669
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A10.3 
. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq i.congress if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(40, 194)        =      17.91
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3984
                                                Root MSE          =     .74115

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0472385   .0795628    -0.59   0.553    -.2041577    .1096806
    majority |   .0216179   .1835947     0.12   0.906    -.3404801    .3837158
   seniority |   .0991099   .0236547     4.19   0.000     .0524566    .1457632
       sensq |  -.0045188   .0013651    -3.31   0.001    -.0072112   -.0018265
   state_leg |  -.2947679   .1470757    -2.00   0.046    -.5848406   -.0046953
state_leg_~f |   1.987353   .7145892     2.78   0.006     .5779922    3.396714
  maj_leader |   .2010243   .1744167     1.15   0.251    -.1429722    .5450207
  min_leader |  -.1086424   .0647557    -1.68   0.095     -.236358    .0190731
       chair |   1.003279   .1631677     6.15   0.000     .6814682    1.325089
      subchr |   .0822066   .1219456     0.67   0.501    -.1583027    .3227159
       power |   -.096476   .0699543    -1.38   0.169    -.2344446    .0414927
     meddist |  -.3827957   .1759615    -2.18   0.031    -.7298389   -.0357525
      female |    .037305   .0877904     0.42   0.671    -.1358411    .2104511
        afam |  -.2054481   .1598891    -1.28   0.200    -.5207921     .109896
      latino |   .5011137   .3395813     1.48   0.142    -.1686316    1.170859
     votepct |   .0050759   .0273251     0.19   0.853    -.0488164    .0589682
  votepct_sq |  -.0000491    .000209    -0.23   0.815    -.0004613    .0003631
             |
    congress |
         94  |   .0880753    .068433     1.29   0.200    -.0468929    .2230436
         95  |   .0649508   .0822194     0.79   0.431    -.0972078    .2271094
         96  |   .0045123   .0724051     0.06   0.950    -.1382898    .1473145
         97  |   .4685469   .1736672     2.70   0.008     .1260287     .811065
         98  |   .4386074   .1827093     2.40   0.017     .0782557    .7989591
         99  |   .3874468   .1695349     2.29   0.023     .0530787    .7218149
        100  |  -.0520395   .0782722    -0.66   0.507    -.2064132    .1023343
        101  |    .028789   .0892128     0.32   0.747    -.1471625    .2047406
        102  |  -.0119147    .089857    -0.13   0.895    -.1891367    .1653072
        103  |   .0240514   .0904354     0.27   0.791    -.1543115    .2024143
        104  |   .4402541   .2090979     2.11   0.037     .0278571     .852651
        105  |   .4478099   .1592949     2.81   0.005     .1336379     .761982
        106  |   .3776206   .1580711     2.39   0.018     .0658621    .6893791
        107  |   .2569441   .1199358     2.14   0.033     .0203986    .4934897
        108  |   .3586348   .1666801     2.15   0.033     .0298971    .6873725
        109  |   .3051485    .156818     1.95   0.053    -.0041386    .6144356
        110  |  -.0185486   .0813329    -0.23   0.820    -.1789588    .1418616
        111  |  -.0500591   .0955353    -0.52   0.601    -.2384801     .138362
        112  |   .0809751    .094985     0.85   0.395    -.1063607     .268311
        113  |   .2684056   .1065047     2.52   0.013     .0583497    .4784614
        114  |   .1536866   .1099559     1.40   0.164    -.0631757     .370549
        115  |   .2240721   .0858829     2.61   0.010     .0546882    .3934561
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |   .3507168   .1451354     2.42   0.017      .064471    .6369626
             |
       _cons |   .2704356   .8692535     0.31   0.756    -1.443965    1.984836
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A10.4
. regress lesclassic elite_education if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,291
                                                F(1, 202)         =       0.02
                                                Prob > F          =     0.8837
                                                R-squared         =     0.0001
                                                Root MSE          =     1.0579

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 203 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |   -.015037   .1026419    -0.15   0.884     -.217424    .1873501
       _cons |   1.071942   .0642455    16.69   0.000     .9452646     1.19862
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A10.5
. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(17, 193)        =      21.05
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3502
                                                Root MSE          =     .86123

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |   -.036755   .1007891    -0.36   0.716    -.2355444    .1620344
    majority |   .2756179   .1007458     2.74   0.007     .0769138    .4743221
   seniority |   .1208501   .0197853     6.11   0.000      .081827    .1598732
       sensq |   -.005113   .0009558    -5.35   0.000    -.0069982   -.0032278
   state_leg |  -.1546529   .1688689    -0.92   0.361    -.4877184    .1784127
state_leg_~f |   .3872899   .7514022     0.52   0.607    -1.094725    1.869304
  maj_leader |  -.2575172   .2069056    -1.24   0.215    -.6656037    .1505694
  min_leader |  -.0882106   .1103481    -0.80   0.425    -.3058537    .1294326
       chair |   .9823012   .1559047     6.30   0.000     .6748056    1.289797
      subchr |   .4029093   .0962142     4.19   0.000     .2131429    .5926756
       power |  -.0850634   .0949801    -0.90   0.372    -.2723956    .1022689
     meddist |   .4065364   .2556072     1.59   0.113    -.0976057    .9106785
      female |   .0486897   .1610843     0.30   0.763    -.2690219    .3664014
        afam |  -.0616207   .1035688    -0.59   0.553    -.2658927    .1426513
      latino |   .2231166   .1419877     1.57   0.118    -.0569302    .5031634
     votepct |   .0209366   .0314297     0.67   0.506    -.0410532    .0829264
  votepct_sq |  -.0001666   .0002341    -0.71   0.478    -.0006283    .0002952
       _cons |  -.5635392   1.049552    -0.54   0.592    -2.633604    1.506526
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A10.6
. regress lesclassic elite_education majority seniority sensq state_leg state_l
> eg_prof maj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino v
> otepct votepct_sq i.congress if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(40, 193)        =      12.20
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3673
                                                Root MSE          =     .85772

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.0464012   .1015375    -0.46   0.648    -.2466667    .1538644
    majority |  -.0681558   .2631309    -0.26   0.796    -.5871372    .4508256
   seniority |   .1274862   .0206662     6.17   0.000     .0867255    .1682468
       sensq |  -.0054081   .0010044    -5.38   0.000     -.007389   -.0034271
   state_leg |  -.1645593   .1693019    -0.97   0.332    -.4984789    .1693603
state_leg_~f |   .3902112    .750601     0.52   0.604    -1.090223    1.870645
  maj_leader |  -.2251554   .2075225    -1.08   0.279    -.6344585    .1841478
  min_leader |  -.1581485   .1166898    -1.36   0.177    -.3882995    .0720026
       chair |   .9918257   .1558918     6.36   0.000     .6843553    1.299296
      subchr |   .4324218   .0967615     4.47   0.000      .241576    .6232677
       power |   -.102683    .089823    -1.14   0.254    -.2798438    .0744778
     meddist |   .4095981   .3534848     1.16   0.248    -.2875912    1.106787
      female |   .0146396   .1670287     0.09   0.930    -.3147965    .3440756
        afam |  -.0604475   .1293204    -0.47   0.641    -.3155103    .1946153
      latino |   .2060197   .1530411     1.35   0.180    -.0958282    .5078675
     votepct |   .0116018   .0308837     0.38   0.708    -.0493111    .0725146
  votepct_sq |  -.0001025   .0002322    -0.44   0.659    -.0005606    .0003555
             |
    congress |
         94  |  -.0887074   .1234131    -0.72   0.473     -.332119    .1547042
         95  |   .1153197   .1461042     0.79   0.431    -.1728462    .4034856
         96  |   .1204003   .2249767     0.54   0.593    -.3233283    .5641289
         97  |  -.2867121   .1862572    -1.54   0.125     -.654073    .0806488
         98  |  -.3610786   .1806322    -2.00   0.047    -.7173452    -.004812
         99  |  -.2978721   .1926635    -1.55   0.124    -.6778685    .0821242
        100  |   .0850697   .1824564     0.47   0.642    -.2747949    .4449342
        101  |   .2127945   .1995936     1.07   0.288    -.1808702    .6064591
        102  |   .0139775   .1869922     0.07   0.940    -.3548331     .382788
        103  |   .0319174   .1946702     0.16   0.870    -.3520368    .4158716
        104  |  -.4181435   .1784305    -2.34   0.020    -.7700676   -.0662195
        105  |  -.4260749   .1611941    -2.64   0.009    -.7440032   -.1081466
        106  |  -.3200402   .1701002    -1.88   0.061    -.6555342    .0154538
        107  |  -.1263203   .1895362    -0.67   0.506    -.5001485    .2475079
        108  |   -.236338    .172766    -1.37   0.173    -.5770898    .1044138
        109  |  -.2950078   .1544588    -1.91   0.058    -.5996518    .0096361
        110  |   .1216755   .2016682     0.60   0.547    -.2760811    .5194321
        111  |   .2545783   .2061984     1.23   0.218    -.1521133    .6612698
        112  |    .139012   .2015277     0.69   0.491    -.2584675    .5364915
        113  |   .1390053   .2060308     0.67   0.501    -.2673557    .5453664
        114  |  -.0693571   .1452905    -0.48   0.634    -.3559181    .2172039
        115  |  -.0707343    .117034    -0.60   0.546    -.3015643    .1600957
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |  -.3470164    .253083    -1.37   0.172    -.8461801    .1521473
             |
       _cons |   .0223487   1.114742     0.02   0.984    -2.176292    2.220989
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A12: ROBUSTNESS OF EFFECTIVENESS RESULTS TO IVY LEAGUE-EDUCATED LAWMAKERS (
> SENATE)
. * Model A12.1
. regress lesclassic ivyany if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,218
                                                F(1, 200)         =       0.03
                                                Prob > F          =     0.8664
                                                R-squared         =     0.0000
                                                Root MSE          =      .9384

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 201 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |   .0153757   .0912621     0.17   0.866    -.1645838    .1953351
       _cons |    .939689   .0625452    15.02   0.000     .8163563    1.063022
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A12.2
. regress lesclassic ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof m
> aj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino votepct vo
> tepct_sq if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(17, 194)        =      25.01
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3783
                                                Root MSE          =     .74609

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |   -.000592   .0806611    -0.01   0.994    -.1596773    .1584932
    majority |   .2862386    .140187     2.04   0.043     .0097525    .5627248
   seniority |    .097204   .0220156     4.42   0.000     .0537834    .1406246
       sensq |  -.0043695   .0013057    -3.35   0.001    -.0069447   -.0017942
   state_leg |  -.3061509   .1492299    -2.05   0.042    -.6004722   -.0118296
state_leg_~f |   2.027958   .7237725     2.80   0.006     .6004851    3.455431
  maj_leader |   .2175855   .1828868     1.19   0.236    -.1431162    .5782872
  min_leader |  -.1048009   .0707404    -1.48   0.140    -.2443199     .034718
       chair |   .9982477   .1616966     6.17   0.000     .6793388    1.317157
      subchr |   .1014467    .124892     0.81   0.418    -.1448738    .3477672
       power |  -.0962044    .071042    -1.35   0.177    -.2363184    .0439095
     meddist |  -.2675711   .1627129    -1.64   0.102    -.5884845    .0533423
      female |    .052618   .0842833     0.62   0.533    -.1136112    .2188472
        afam |  -.2336352    .113256    -2.06   0.040    -.4570064    -.010264
      latino |   .4642106   .3452393     1.34   0.180    -.2166937    1.145115
     votepct |   .0060345   .0270475     0.22   0.824    -.0473104    .0593794
  votepct_sq |  -.0000605   .0002077    -0.29   0.771    -.0004701    .0003491
       _cons |   .2638069   .8656591     0.30   0.761    -1.443504    1.971118
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A12.3 
. regress lesclassic ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof m
> aj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino votepct vo
> tepct_sq i.congress if dem==0, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,205
                                                F(40, 194)        =      17.06
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3979
                                                Root MSE          =     .74144

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 195 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0037587   .0823613    -0.05   0.964    -.1661973    .1586799
    majority |   .0425521   .1772556     0.24   0.811    -.3070434    .3921475
   seniority |   .0987528   .0238537     4.14   0.000      .051707    .1457987
       sensq |  -.0044667   .0013924    -3.21   0.002    -.0072129   -.0017205
   state_leg |  -.2911496   .1471904    -1.98   0.049    -.5814484   -.0008508
state_leg_~f |   1.966456   .7199414     2.73   0.007     .5465387    3.386373
  maj_leader |   .2056814   .1734958     1.19   0.237    -.1364987    .5478614
  min_leader |  -.1044732   .0664549    -1.57   0.118    -.2355401    .0265937
       chair |   1.003873   .1641855     6.11   0.000     .6800549    1.327691
      subchr |   .0762581   .1228848     0.62   0.536    -.1661037    .3186198
       power |  -.0974829   .0708062    -1.38   0.170    -.2371318    .0421659
     meddist |  -.3418749     .18083    -1.89   0.060      -.69852    .0147702
      female |    .048287   .0910109     0.53   0.596    -.1312109    .2277849
        afam |  -.1810124   .1551582    -1.17   0.245    -.4870258     .125001
      latino |   .5160653   .3392517     1.52   0.130    -.1530299     1.18516
     votepct |   .0049958   .0271342     0.18   0.854    -.0485201    .0585117
  votepct_sq |  -.0000485   .0002075    -0.23   0.815    -.0004578    .0003607
             |
    congress |
         94  |    .085699   .0679838     1.26   0.209    -.0483833    .2197813
         95  |   .0654178   .0823456     0.79   0.428    -.0969897    .2278253
         96  |      .0076   .0723267     0.11   0.916    -.1350477    .1502476
         97  |   .4679498   .1728023     2.71   0.007     .1271374    .8087622
         98  |    .437897    .182003     2.41   0.017     .0789384    .7968557
         99  |     .38637   .1688282     2.29   0.023     .0533956    .7193443
        100  |  -.0469954   .0785837    -0.60   0.551    -.2019835    .1079927
        101  |   .0324157   .0897676     0.36   0.718      -.14463    .2094613
        102  |  -.0073582   .0906333    -0.08   0.935    -.1861113     .171395
        103  |   .0289513   .0921756     0.31   0.754    -.1528437    .2107463
        104  |   .4385502   .2085475     2.10   0.037     .0272387    .8498616
        105  |   .4506548   .1604471     2.81   0.005     .1342102    .7670994
        106  |   .3785929   .1589824     2.38   0.018     .0650372    .6921486
        107  |   .2704622   .1219989     2.22   0.028     .0298478    .5110766
        108  |   .3566412   .1650479     2.16   0.032     .0311225    .6821598
        109  |   .3068468     .15718     1.95   0.052    -.0031541    .6168478
        110  |  -.0052036   .0799937    -0.07   0.948    -.1629725    .1525653
        111  |  -.0440936   .0935175    -0.47   0.638    -.2285351    .1403479
        112  |   .0868061     .09342     0.93   0.354    -.0974431    .2710554
        113  |   .2703593   .1049258     2.58   0.011     .0634176     .477301
        114  |   .1561026   .1098837     1.42   0.157    -.0606175    .3728226
        115  |   .2233813   .0850429     2.63   0.009     .0556539    .3911087
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |   .3536065   .1438636     2.46   0.015     .0698689    .6373441
             |
       _cons |   .2316249   .8676312     0.27   0.790    -1.479576    1.942826
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A12.4
. regress lesclassic ivyany if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,291
                                                F(1, 202)         =       0.39
                                                Prob > F          =     0.5345
                                                R-squared         =     0.0010
                                                Root MSE          =     1.0574

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 203 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0729704   .1172812    -0.62   0.535    -.3042227     .158282
       _cons |   1.086536   .0595639    18.24   0.000     .9690897    1.203983
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A12.5
. regress lesclassic ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof m
> aj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino votepct vo
> tepct_sq if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(17, 193)        =      19.51
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3502
                                                Root MSE          =     .86118

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0450895   .1050025    -0.43   0.668    -.2521893    .1620104
    majority |   .2768412   .0994479     2.78   0.006     .0806969    .4729855
   seniority |   .1208567    .019624     6.16   0.000     .0821516    .1595618
       sensq |  -.0051182   .0009595    -5.33   0.000    -.0070107   -.0032257
   state_leg |   -.153886    .170572    -0.90   0.368    -.4903105    .1825386
state_leg_~f |   .4068744   .7709268     0.53   0.598    -1.113649    1.927398
  maj_leader |  -.2586822    .205012    -1.26   0.209    -.6630339    .1456695
  min_leader |  -.0886951   .1117143    -0.79   0.428    -.3090326    .1316425
       chair |   .9799077   .1555125     6.30   0.000     .6731854     1.28663
      subchr |   .4034158   .0959099     4.21   0.000     .2142497    .5925819
       power |  -.0890836    .090858    -0.98   0.328    -.2682857    .0901185
     meddist |   .4108441   .2449272     1.68   0.095    -.0722336    .8939219
      female |   .0465738   .1544105     0.30   0.763    -.2579748    .3511225
        afam |  -.0645278   .1025247    -0.63   0.530    -.2667404    .1376849
      latino |   .2215019    .145036     1.53   0.128    -.0645571     .507561
     votepct |   .0214727   .0310502     0.69   0.490    -.0397687     .082714
  votepct_sq |  -.0001704   .0002315    -0.74   0.463    -.0006271    .0002862
       _cons |  -.5866296   1.031273    -0.57   0.570    -2.620642    1.447382
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A12.6
. regress lesclassic ivyany majority seniority sensq state_leg state_leg_prof m
> aj_leader min_leader chair subchr power meddist female afam latino votepct vo
> tepct_sq i.congress if dem==1, cluster(bioguide_id)
note: 116.congress omitted because of collinearity

Linear regression                               Number of obs     =      1,268
                                                F(40, 193)        =      11.85
                                                Prob > F          =     0.0000
                                                R-squared         =     0.3674
                                                Root MSE          =     .85766

                          (Std. Err. adjusted for 194 clusters in bioguide_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             |               Robust
  lesclassic |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
      ivyany |  -.0553999   .1085856    -0.51   0.610    -.2695667    .1587669
    majority |  -.0694013   .2646805    -0.26   0.793     -.591439    .4526364
   seniority |   .1274508    .020499     6.22   0.000       .08702    .1678815
       sensq |  -.0054144    .001012    -5.35   0.000    -.0074104   -.0034184
   state_leg |  -.1631407   .1711669    -0.95   0.342    -.5007385    .1744571
state_leg_~f |   .4128649   .7720773     0.53   0.593    -1.109928    1.935657
  maj_leader |  -.2266538   .2053674    -1.10   0.271    -.6317064    .1783988
  min_leader |  -.1581931   .1174177    -1.35   0.179    -.3897798    .0733936
       chair |   .9888967   .1557694     6.35   0.000     .6816679    1.296126
      subchr |   .4336614   .0963038     4.50   0.000     .2437184    .6236044
       power |    -.10801   .0856865    -1.26   0.209    -.2770122    .0609922
     meddist |   .4152723   .3441986     1.21   0.229    -.2636015    1.094146
      female |    .011448   .1609794     0.07   0.943    -.3060567    .3289527
        afam |  -.0648847   .1238934    -0.52   0.601    -.3092436    .1794742
      latino |   .2043694   .1565264     1.31   0.193    -.1043526    .5130913
     votepct |   .0122549    .030528     0.40   0.689    -.0479565    .0724664
  votepct_sq |  -.0001071     .00023    -0.47   0.642    -.0005606    .0003465
             |
    congress |
         94  |  -.0887545   .1223492    -0.73   0.469    -.3300678    .1525588
         95  |   .1169919   .1454353     0.80   0.422    -.1698547    .4038386
         96  |   .1204749   .2231803     0.54   0.590    -.3197106    .5606605
         97  |  -.2865374   .1859086    -1.54   0.125    -.6532107     .080136
         98  |  -.3627547   .1815889    -2.00   0.047    -.7209082   -.0046011
         99  |  -.2979968   .1928958    -1.54   0.124    -.6784513    .0824577
        100  |   .0865197   .1824549     0.47   0.636    -.2733419    .4463814
        101  |    .216064   .1971268     1.10   0.274    -.1727354    .6048634
        102  |   .0172827   .1857134     0.09   0.926    -.3490058    .3835711
        103  |    .035897   .1933359     0.19   0.853    -.3454255    .4172195
        104  |  -.4157008   .1771729    -2.35   0.020    -.7651446    -.066257
        105  |  -.4251727   .1608376    -2.64   0.009    -.7423977   -.1079477
        106  |  -.3181216   .1693155    -1.88   0.062    -.6520679    .0158247
        107  |  -.1215071   .1908097    -0.64   0.525    -.4978471    .2548328
        108  |  -.2346039   .1732075    -1.35   0.177    -.5762265    .1070187
        109  |  -.2953912    .156555    -1.89   0.061    -.6041696    .0133872
        110  |   .1248293   .2015237     0.62   0.536    -.2726423     .522301
        111  |   .2600918   .2093384     1.24   0.216    -.1527929    .6729765
        112  |    .144814   .2041475     0.71   0.479    -.2578325    .5474605
        113  |   .1424936   .2047639     0.70   0.487    -.2613687     .546356
        114  |  -.0696106   .1458147    -0.48   0.634    -.3572055    .2179843
        115  |  -.0706055    .117149    -0.60   0.547    -.3016622    .1604512
        116  |          0  (omitted)
        117  |  -.3433162   .2537374    -1.35   0.178    -.8437705    .1571381
             |
       _cons |  -.0071311   1.094144    -0.01   0.995    -2.165145    2.150883
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. * A14: ELITE EDUCATION AND VOTE SHARE (SENATE)
. gen congcount=congress-93

. label var congcount "Congress counter with 93rd Congress set to 0"

. * Model A14.1
. reg votepct elite_education if dem==0

      Source |       SS           df       MS      Number of obs   =     1,205
-------------+----------------------------------   F(1, 1203)      =      0.85
       Model |  69.2604122         1  69.2604122   Prob > F        =    0.3566
    Residual |  97984.6943     1,203  81.4502862   R-squared       =    0.0007
-------------+----------------------------------   Adj R-squared   =   -0.0001
       Total |  98053.9547     1,204  81.4401617   Root MSE        =     9.025

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     votepct |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.5081552   .5510616    -0.92   0.357    -1.589304    .5729934
       _cons |   59.19327   .3186832   185.74   0.000     58.56803     59.8185
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A14.2
. reg votepct i.elite_education##c.congcount if dem==0

      Source |       SS           df       MS      Number of obs   =     1,205
-------------+----------------------------------   F(3, 1201)      =      6.69
       Model |  1611.20076         3  537.066921   Prob > F        =    0.0002
    Residual |   96442.754     1,201  80.3020433   R-squared       =    0.0164
-------------+----------------------------------   Adj R-squared   =    0.0140
       Total |  98053.9547     1,204  81.4401617   Root MSE        =    8.9611

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     votepct |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
1.elite_ed~n |  -.1708615    1.05055    -0.16   0.871     -2.23198    1.890257
   congcount |   .1606685   .0463256     3.47   0.001     .0697805    .2515565
             |
elite_educ~n#|
 c.congcount |
          1  |   .0022663   .0764664     0.03   0.976    -.1477563    .1522889
             |
       _cons |   57.08795   .6845498    83.39   0.000      55.7449      58.431
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Reelection vote shares no different, and no change over time
. * And for Democrats:
. * Model A14.3
. reg votepct elite_education if dem==1

      Source |       SS           df       MS      Number of obs   =     1,268
-------------+----------------------------------   F(1, 1266)      =      0.57
       Model |  49.9727122         1  49.9727122   Prob > F        =    0.4508
    Residual |  111199.825     1,266  87.8355651   R-squared       =    0.0004
-------------+----------------------------------   Adj R-squared   =   -0.0003
       Total |  111249.798     1,267  87.8056812   Root MSE        =    9.3721

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     votepct |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
elite_educ~n |  -.3971258   .5264982    -0.75   0.451    -1.430031    .6357792
       _cons |   60.19002   .3760879   160.04   0.000     59.45219    60.92784
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. * Model A14.4
. reg votepct i.elite_education##c.congcount if dem==1

      Source |       SS           df       MS      Number of obs   =     1,268
-------------+----------------------------------   F(3, 1264)      =     19.69
       Model |  4966.93392         3  1655.64464   Prob > F        =    0.0000
    Residual |  106282.864     1,264  84.0845445   R-squared       =    0.0446
-------------+----------------------------------   Adj R-squared   =    0.0424
       Total |  111249.798     1,267  87.8056812   Root MSE        =    9.1698

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     votepct |      Coef.   Std. Err.      t    P>|t|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
1.elite_ed~n |  -4.606214   .9708191    -4.74   0.000    -6.510808    -2.70162
   congcount |  -.3879588   .0508137    -7.63   0.000    -.4876473   -.2882702
             |
elite_educ~n#|
 c.congcount |
          1  |   .3667553   .0708501     5.18   0.000     .2277586     .505752
             |
       _cons |   64.64811   .6901814    93.67   0.000     63.29408    66.00213
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. 
. * FIGURE A2: DECLINE OF ELITE-EDUCATED REPUBLICANS IN THE SENATE
. gener nonelite_nonflagship=0

. replace nonelite_nonflagship = 1 if elite_education==0 & flagship_undergrad==
> 0
(905 real changes made)

. 
. gener nonelite_flagship = 0

. replace nonelite_flagship=1 if flagship_undergrad==1 & elite_education==0
(545 real changes made)

. 
. sort congress

. tab congress elite_education if dem==0, r

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

           |  1 = graduated from
           |   elite institution
  congress |         0          1 |     Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
        93 |        19         23 |        42 
           |     45.24      54.76 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        94 |        17         20 |        37 
           |     45.95      54.05 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        95 |        20         18 |        38 
           |     52.63      47.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        96 |        23         18 |        41 
           |     56.10      43.90 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        97 |        33         20 |        53 
           |     62.26      37.74 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        98 |        34         21 |        55 
           |     61.82      38.18 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        99 |        34         20 |        54 
           |     62.96      37.04 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       100 |        27         19 |        46 
           |     58.70      41.30 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       101 |        27         18 |        45 
           |     60.00      40.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       102 |        28         16 |        44 
           |     63.64      36.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       103 |        28         16 |        44 
           |     63.64      36.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       104 |        36         18 |        54 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       105 |        41         14 |        55 
           |     74.55      25.45 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       106 |        39         17 |        56 
           |     69.64      30.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       107 |        37         12 |        49 
           |     75.51      24.49 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       108 |        35         16 |        51 
           |     68.63      31.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       109 |        39         16 |        55 
           |     70.91      29.09 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       110 |        39         12 |        51 
           |     76.47      23.53 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       111 |        34          9 |        43 
           |     79.07      20.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       112 |        38         10 |        48 
           |     79.17      20.83 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       113 |        35         10 |        45 
           |     77.78      22.22 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       114 |        40         14 |        54 
           |     74.07      25.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       115 |        40         14 |        54 
           |     74.07      25.93 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       116 |        36         18 |        54 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       117 |        33         17 |        50 
           |     66.00      34.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
     Total |       812        406 |     1,218 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 

. tab congress nonelite_nonflagship if dem==0, r

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

           | nonelite_nonflagship
  congress |         0          1 |     Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
        93 |        28         14 |        42 
           |     66.67      33.33 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        94 |        24         13 |        37 
           |     64.86      35.14 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        95 |        22         16 |        38 
           |     57.89      42.11 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        96 |        24         17 |        41 
           |     58.54      41.46 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        97 |        28         25 |        53 
           |     52.83      47.17 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        98 |        30         25 |        55 
           |     54.55      45.45 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        99 |        31         23 |        54 
           |     57.41      42.59 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       100 |        27         19 |        46 
           |     58.70      41.30 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       101 |        27         18 |        45 
           |     60.00      40.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       102 |        27         17 |        44 
           |     61.36      38.64 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       103 |        28         16 |        44 
           |     63.64      36.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       104 |        34         20 |        54 
           |     62.96      37.04 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       105 |        28         27 |        55 
           |     50.91      49.09 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       106 |        30         26 |        56 
           |     53.57      46.43 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       107 |        23         26 |        49 
           |     46.94      53.06 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       108 |        29         22 |        51 
           |     56.86      43.14 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       109 |        31         24 |        55 
           |     56.36      43.64 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       110 |        27         24 |        51 
           |     52.94      47.06 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       111 |        19         24 |        43 
           |     44.19      55.81 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       112 |        24         24 |        48 
           |     50.00      50.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       113 |        23         22 |        45 
           |     51.11      48.89 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       114 |        29         25 |        54 
           |     53.70      46.30 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       115 |        29         25 |        54 
           |     53.70      46.30 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       116 |        31         23 |        54 
           |     57.41      42.59 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       117 |        29         21 |        50 
           |     58.00      42.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
     Total |       682        536 |     1,218 
           |     55.99      44.01 |    100.00 

. tab congress nonelite_flagship if dem==0, r

+----------------+
| Key            |
|----------------|
|   frequency    |
| row percentage |
+----------------+

           |   nonelite_flagship
  congress |         0          1 |     Total
-----------+----------------------+----------
        93 |        37          5 |        42 
           |     88.10      11.90 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        94 |        33          4 |        37 
           |     89.19      10.81 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        95 |        34          4 |        38 
           |     89.47      10.53 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        96 |        35          6 |        41 
           |     85.37      14.63 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        97 |        45          8 |        53 
           |     84.91      15.09 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        98 |        46          9 |        55 
           |     83.64      16.36 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
        99 |        43         11 |        54 
           |     79.63      20.37 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       100 |        38          8 |        46 
           |     82.61      17.39 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       101 |        36          9 |        45 
           |     80.00      20.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       102 |        33         11 |        44 
           |     75.00      25.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       103 |        32         12 |        44 
           |     72.73      27.27 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       104 |        38         16 |        54 
           |     70.37      29.63 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       105 |        41         14 |        55 
           |     74.55      25.45 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       106 |        43         13 |        56 
           |     76.79      23.21 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       107 |        38         11 |        49 
           |     77.55      22.45 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       108 |        38         13 |        51 
           |     74.51      25.49 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       109 |        40         15 |        55 
           |     72.73      27.27 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       110 |        36         15 |        51 
           |     70.59      29.41 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       111 |        33         10 |        43 
           |     76.74      23.26 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       112 |        34         14 |        48 
           |     70.83      29.17 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       113 |        32         13 |        45 
           |     71.11      28.89 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       114 |        39         15 |        54 
           |     72.22      27.78 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       115 |        39         15 |        54 
           |     72.22      27.78 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       116 |        41         13 |        54 
           |     75.93      24.07 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
       117 |        38         12 |        50 
           |     76.00      24.00 |    100.00 
-----------+----------------------+----------
     Total |       942        276 |     1,218 
           |     77.34      22.66 |    100.00 

. 
. 
end of do-file

. log close
      name:  <unnamed>
       log:  C:\Users\wisemaae\Dropbox\desktop_backup\research\education\POP_fi
> nal_published\voldenwaiwiseman_senate_perspectives_results.smcl
  log type:  smcl
 closed on:  14 Jun 2025, 15:04:24
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
